The Legalization Of Marijuana For Marijuana - 2792 Words

The legalization of marijuana in America Overview Issue The new events of legalizing marijuana for recreational use has increased controversy in the United States, those against it say it was bad enough before when it was merely allowed for medicinal use and now that these new laws and rules are really infuriating those who are against it. However on the flip side people are also arguing that now that it is allowed for recreational use people it will lessen crime rates, related to selling and buying drugs, and have a positive effect on the culture and society. History The craze for marijuana started, in America, in the early 1600’s, at a point there was even a law passed that required every famer to grow marijuana, it was not until the 1900’s that the growing and usage of cannabis started escalating too quickly and in the 1930’s increase in crime and violence linked to using marijuana caused 29 states to outlaw the use of marijuana, however in the 50’s to the 60’s a new â€Å"hippy† culture had started and marijuana, and other drugs, were a large part of the culture. This caused new laws to be placed, mandatory and stricter sentencing rules and larger fines. However in the 1970’s there were political changes trying to decriminalize the possession of the drug for non-medical purposes as well as legalizing it for medical purposes. Then during the 1980’s due to large number of protesting parents and campaigns from other parties, the government was compelled to start a ‘war onShow MoreRelat edLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemic al compound affects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreMarijuana And Its Legalization Of Marijuana1993 Words   |  8 PagesMarijuana And Its Legalization Marijuana, is and will most likely always be the most used illegal drug used in the United States following tobacco and alcohol. This drug , also known as cannabis, is obtained from a plant named Cannabis Sativa, which holds the sought after chemical named delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC (Barbour 14). This plant, when smoked, causes a high due to how THC interacts with the brain. But nonetheless, this paper is not based off of what marijuana is, but ratherRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1163 Words   |  5 PagesMary Jane, Aunt Mary, MJ, Pot, Bud, Purp, Marijuana all nicknames for cannabis has been cultivated since the 1600s. Marijuana accounts for the most commonly used illegal drug. The criminalization of marijuana has resulted in many arrests, drug convictions, and harsh sentences that are truthfully unwarranted. It naturally grows in the ground just like aloe vera and daisies do, but it is not harmful like poison ivy or tobacco. Unlike to cocaine and h eroin which are man-made substances that have harmfulRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreLegalization Of Medical Marijuana And Marijuana1486 Words   |  6 Pages Legalization of Medical Marijuana Name: Institution: Abstract In 1996, California set a pace that would lead to today’s debate on medical marijuana and marijuana as a whole by passing the Compassionate Use Act that allowed the use of medical marijuana. Other states have since followed the trend and school of thought, case in point; Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont andRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuanaRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana2735 Words   |  11 PagesLegalism and Marijuana People have been smoking marijuana for thousands of years while also using hemp for everything from fabric to make clothes and other items. Unfortunately, Harry J. Anslinger with a bit of power and enough determination decided pot was evil and addictive. The struggle continues to this day to overcome the lies about marijuana (â€Å"Marijuana (Weed) History and Facts†). There are many benefits to legalizing marijuana and the government should take advantage of it. Marijuana is evenRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana761 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of marijuana should be legislated for medical use across the country. Marijuana does not have a potential good value that it should have, in the eyes of the government and the public. In reality it is actually natural and a effective medicine. The debate about medical marijuana is spreading like a virus across the country. Marijuana can be that one thing to clear off US 13 trillion debt as well as it can decrease crime rates and create more possibility of jobs for people who do not speak

Antigone, By Sophocles, The King And Oedipus - 1465 Words

Sophocles’, The Theban Plays, takes place during the intellectual experiments in the Age of Enlightenment in Greece. The Theban Plays is dramatic literature consisting of a trilogy of plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus of Colonus and Antigone. Oedipus the King and Oedipus of Colonus were written in a very male-focused manner. Throughout these plays, Sophocles’ main characters and main plots are written around Oedipus, Creon, Polynices, Tiresias, Theseus and very few spotlight is given to the female figures such as Jocasta, Antigone, Ismene, and Euridice. After Oedipus the King and Oedipus Colonus, Antigone comes into play in a protagonist role. Sophocles’ play, Antigone, represents a never before seen type of ‘woman power;’ or what in today’s era can be referred to as feminism—â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriem Webster). Antigone’s characteristics are symbolic of feminism —she is a woman who goes against the male dominated government, a woman who is strong and courageous, but even more so a woman who is willing to sacrifice her life to fight for what she believes in. Creon’s character is a perfect example of the masculinity ideas from the men of Greece. He is the authority whom all men follow and he is the person individuals embody, admire, and look up to. Therefore, his ideas and beliefs can be generalized to the ideas and beliefs of most Greeks. Creon makes various ignorant remarks to depict his view not only towards AntigoneShow MoreRelatedOedipus as King of Thebes: Antigone by Sophocles1380 Words   |  6 Pagesof pride is the centers piece of man’s perpetual role in his own destruction. This is illustrated by various characters’ such as Creon in Antigone by Sophocles, Oedipus in Oedipus the King by Sophocles and the Trojans in the Aeneid by Virgil. In the Antigone we see the consequence of one’s pride and desire for power take hold, when Creon decides to punish Antigone for disobeying the law off the land and proving Polynices with a burial. The disregard for any form of sympathy would eventually come toRead Mor eComparison Of Oedipus The King And Antigone By Sophocles944 Words   |  4 PagesMany lessons can be learned from Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus caused his fate to become real by running from it. He killed his father and made love to his mother even though he had no idea who they were he was still punished. He passed the punishment of his sins to the rest of his family when he gouged out his eyeballs and banished himself from the city. In Antigone Oedipus’s sons killed each other in battle over the throne and helped Creon take overRead MoreContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreThe Tragic Heroes Of Sophocles Oedipus The King And Antigone1275 Words   |  6 PagesIgnorance is one of the most hidden but controlling characteristics one may have. It carves the path for many plays and stories and is usually not recognized until a situation is too late to fix. This is represented in the two plays Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles. Oedipus and Creon, the two the tragic heroes, have ignorance built up inside of them, though both are different. They then both then have realisation of their blindness by self-love, either by themselves or others. It is only two lateRead MoreEssay about Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone 1403 Words   |  6 PagesTragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone The Greeks considered tragedy the greatest form for literature.   However, the tragic ends for the characters were not ordained or set by fate, but rather caused by certain characteristics belonging to that person.   Such is the case with the characters of Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone.   Oedipus from King Oedipus, and Antigone and Creon from Antigone posses characteristics, especially pride, that caused their tragic ends.   AsRead More Comparing Female Characters in Euripides Medea and Sophocles Oedipus the King and Antigone1555 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Female Characters in Euripides Medea and Sophocles Oedipus the King and Antigone      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the times of the ancient Greeks, women had an unpretentious role. They were expected to do take on the accepted role of a woman.   In most cases, a womans role is restricted to bearing young, raising children, and housework. In Sophocles Oedipus   the King, Antigone, and Medea, the dominant female characters impacted upon men with authority and political power.   It is Read MoreComparing Oedipus The King And Antigone1311 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzing both Oedipus the King and Antigone, Oedipus and Antigone are very alike in ways. When reading these plays, the mind is wired to compare how the protagonists are alike, and contrast how they are different. Antigone and Oedipus are idolized by the people, but the legacy of Oedipus seems to have been altered due to the fact that he has experienced bad past family relationships; therefore as Gale explains, â€Å"Antigone hangs herself. Creon’s son Haemon, who was in love with Antigone, commits suicideRead MoreOedipus Rex Vs. Antigone1417 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Essay 11-20-01 Oedipus Rex Antigone It is only natural that an author use similar vessels of literature, such as figurative language, literary devices, and elements in his/her work. It is even more apparent between works that are connected by character, t ime, and theme. Sophocles did this when he wrote Oedipus Rex and Antigone. When comparing the two pieces, it becomes evident that very similar vessels connected these very different plays. Sophocles uses a specific type of figurativeRead MoreCorruption In Oedipus The King And Antigone988 Words   |  4 Pages In Sophocles’ Oedipus The King and Antigone, Sophocles used two tragic stories to explore issues and themes involving that can be interpreted in several ways depending on the readers understanding of the play and the main theme in focus. From a personal view point, themes such as corruption, injustice, civil disobedience and power drunkenness were explored rampantly by Sophocles to further dramatize a story that conveys so much messages. The ancient Greeks are well recognized for gifting the modernRead More Comparing Creons Metamorphosis in Antigone, Oedipus the King, and Oedipus at Colonus1114 Words   |  5 PagesMetamorphosis in Antigone, Oedipus the King, and Oedipus at Colonus      Ã‚  Ã‚   Temptation is ever present in our society and always has been throughout human history. When a person gives into temptation, this is seen as a sign of weakness. Usually, after a person has given into temptation once, that person will find each successive temptation easier and easier to give in to. Before realizing it, this person has changed into a completely false, morally lacking being. Over the course of Sophocles three plays

Genetically Modified Organism Free Essays

Vecchio 1 Genetically Modified Organisms Hayley Vecchio Here comes synthetic food, and their big money, and they want to control, our body and soul† — Ziggy Marley, from, â€Å"Tumblin’ Down† (Miller [4]). In 1988 Bob Marley’s son Ziggy warned us about synthetic foods, three decades before big corporations started commercially gene-gunning virus and hormone sequences into the DNA of seeds. The debate over genetically modified (GM) food, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMO’s), is vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Organism or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that the use and creation of genetically modified foods should be banned until health effects are better understood. All the meanwhile the spread of genetically modified organisms has gone unnoticed by the majority of Americans, most have no idea that there are GMOs in their food, and may not even know what a GMO is. The people of America deserve to know what they are consuming (Barret). The graph above shows that 63 percent of processed food in the United States contains GM ingredients (Barrett). Soda and sweets are almost guaranteed to contain GM ingredients. Not only does the US government allow this overabundant and dangerous use of GMO’s, but they don’t require food manufacturers to disclose their use of genetically modified organisms. Vecchio 2 Looking at these statistics and that of America’s obesity epidemic, it’s quite obvious that there is most likely a connection between the two. Another reason I believe the use and distribution of GMO’s is wrong is because they have a plethora of known and unknown risks to humans and the environment. The non-GMO movement now has more than 60 groups actively concerned with the issue, all with a common goal of, at least temporarily, eliminating GMO foods from the market. On a national scale GMO’s have been forced upon the public by big companies without adequate oversight and regulation by the United States Government. Groups participating in the non-GMO movement are mainly concerned with a lack of information, and public participation. These groups believe that the agrobiotechnology problem is a violation of personal freedoms and democratic rights (Roff 513). Major concerns come from previous incidents in which unintentional contamination by GM and non-GM plants took place. The inefficiency of the US government has allowed GMO-related problems to go unchecked. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ignored the findings of many of its own scientists regarding genetically modified foods (Driscoll and Morley 1). I meditate that at a minimum, the USDA should be required to implement a food labeling system, so that Americans, like Europeans, will have a choice in whether or not to purchase genetically modified foods. So far, Europe has emphasized governance approaches in regulation of new technologies more than the USA. Studies show that when mandatory labeling became required in Europe, sales of a GM products dropped drastically (Roff 512). I contemplate the same effects would happen in the United States as well, because when given a choice, many Americans would opt out of purchasing GMO foods. Vecchio 3 Fortunately for the U. S, California has recently taken action by voting in favor of a GMO labeling law which could ultimately affect the rest of the U. S. California voters already have a record of being leaders in food reform; and because the state makes up almost twelve percent of the US population, food companies might well start unveiling GMO’s nationwide (Philpot [1]). Moreover I believe GMO’s need to be taken off the market until the health effects are better understood. In addition to this belief The Natural Society recently published an article releasing new information about Monsanto’s GMO corn. Revisions show that Monsanto GM corn is contributing to one of the country’s fastest growing problems. A study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences shows that GM food is contributing to the obesity epidemic. It was reported that in a study using lab rats that were fed GMO corn and organic corn, the rats eating GM corn effectively proved the dangers of GMO’s and the risks go beyond weight increase (Driscoll and Morley 4). Gilles-Eric Seralini, an expert member of the Commissions for biotechnology Reevaluation indicates that in each study of GMO’s â€Å"the kidney and liver, which are the main organs that react to a chemical food poisoning, had problems (Barrett). Needless to say, Monsanto’s GMO crops are causing other problems in our world. While contributing to weight gain, the company’s GM corn has been resistant to root worms; causing farmers to use more pesticides, paradoxically defeating the purpose of using GMO’s in the first place (Barrett). Not only are GMO’s wreaking havoc on human health, but these crops are known to cause damage to nature. Another motive to stop the sale and creation of GMO’s is its effects on our environment and the natural cycle of life. Scientists are beginning to see short-term consequences but the long-term are still unknown. Similar to air and water, food is an essential element of life. GM crops have the potential to change ecosystems. For example scientists have Vecchio 4 been engineering salmon, tilapia, carp and other fishes to promote faster growth and resistance to disease. The problem that arises is that these genetically engineered fish are escaping the nets and could possibly be breeding with natural fish. This scenario could eventually cause an instinction of natural born fish. Scientist refer to this as the â€Å"Trojan gene effect,† with the worry that it holds the risk of wiping out entire populations. Driscoll and Morley 4). The same effects are unfortunately occurring in crops all around the world. Due to cross contamination and pollen drift, very few products in the US are completely free of GMO’s (â€Å"Business News; Whole Foods†[2]). Any crop grown outdoors that is pollinated by the wind or insects runs the risk of cross-pollination. An additional reason to stop th e creation of GMO’s is the theory that many weeds have become herbicide-resistant after being cross-pollinated with GMO plants. The fear is that contaminated weeds will become super-weeds, over taking native plants, thereby taking over the ecosystem. A British study revealed that bird populations may be decreasing in certain areas due to the growth of GM crops. And companies do little to keep out wild life that come and nibble on their genetically recombinant crops, which have caused many animals to become sick. Many Animal Rights activists have taken initiative to stop the cloning processes used to alter the genetic structure of animals (Driscoll and Morley [4]). The biggest issue for me along with many others is that scientists are tampering with living, natural creatures. These changes are causing pain to the animals. For example science has increased the rate and size at which chickens grow so drastically that many come out mutated, missing eyes, beck’s, or other major body parts. Vecchio 5 Their genes are changed so that they grow and exceed their designed size and weight, which in turn breaks their legs causing them to suffer a short lived life. Not only is wildlife in danger but organic Farmers are facing troubles with cross-pollination. There are many cases in which cross contamination occurred with GM crops. The USDA is now regulating organic foods to be GM-free, but the farmers have no control over this natural process. Statistics collected in Spain show the twenty-five percent of their organic farms had been contaminated by GMOs (Driscoll and Morley[5]). Another major contributor to the contamination of plants by GMO’s occurs during transportation, and because of this the European Union now implements testing on all shipments. I will depict upon the theories that often claim that GMO’s are the solution to worldwide hunger; many supporters of this are involved in big companies who use GMO’s. But ironically enough even some of the poorest countries, including Zambia, Mali, Australia, Japan, and all of the European Union, have restrictions and bans on the production of GMO’s (â€Å"Business News; Whole Foods†[2]). Distribution is actually the main problem in feeding the world’s 700 million hungry people. When food is produced locally with better efficiency starvation rates decreases in many poorer nations, the hope is to do this in numerous places around the world and the numbers of hungry individuals worldwide can be decreased over time. Organizations such as the Center for Food Safety are largely concerned and actively involved in preventing the use of GMO’s (Driscoll and Morley [4]). The discussions of alternative solutions have been a hot topic. Many question whether or not improving water supply and soil be a better long term solution. These alternatives hold the potential to create jobs and could be a more effective way to end hunger, worldwide. Vecchio 6 Another valuable point to be made is whether or not cross-breeding and genetic recombination of different species crosses an ethical line that humans were not meant to cross. From a religious perspective, many disagree with scientists creations of genetically modified plants. My true opinion on the matter is that people need more knowledge. What is a GMO? Yes, GMO means genetically modified organisms, but what does that really mean. Well you can say that genes are combined into different links that in turn change the genetic makeup of an animal or plant. But even so, the public knowledge of GMO’s is very vague. In traditional ways of plants genetic makeup, the genes introduced into plant cells are chosen at random chromosomal positions. The new plant then copies a gene for the same enzymes, however in some cases due to DNA sequence differences a plant does not have an herbicide resistance gene. Genes are composed of DNA, which stores all of the information that maps out an organism’s structure and functions. Genetic engineering involves taking the genes of one organism and putting them into another, altering the genetic structure. This is when science has come in and located the specific chromosomal spot in which a plant needs a designed gene in order for it to be herbicide resistant. So one gene is knocked out and replaced by a man made engineered one. In scientific terms it doesn’t sound too bad, the question then is, what are these natural genes being replaced with? Well for one arctic fish genes were implanted into tomatoes and strawberries to produce a tolerance to frost, jellyfish genes were introduced into pigs’ DNA to light up their noses in the dark along with potatoes that glow in the dark (Anderson [1]), human genes were inserted into corn to produce spermicide, and corn was engineered with hepatitis virus genes (Miller [1]). This is only a microscopic view of what science has done, I believe that it is not safe Vecchio 7 and is still in the vast outer space of unknown, it’s also unethical but that if for each individual to decide for him/herself. GMO foods have been hurriedly pushed into the marketplace with inadequate testing and research, putting human safety in danger. Major corporations, such as Monsanto, DuPont and Novartis, see GMO products as a way to make potentially huge profits, without the slightest care for their consumers. Many of these companies producing GMO food products have poor track records regarding environmental and consumer safety. I believe one of the largest corruptions in businesses involved in genetically engineering today is the control GMO companies have over farmers. Farmers are finically stuck with these corrupt companies and legally obligated to them. For example in 2001 Roger Nelson fought a political fight with the powerful Monsanto. Monsanto claims the Nelsons infringed on its patent seeds. The case prompted the Legislature to pass what was known as the â€Å"Nelson bill,† which requires companies such as Monsanto to notify farmers when they suspect them of patent infringements. Nelson said â€Å"A farmer can go out and buy brand new, conventional seed and you can’t get any written guarantees that they’re GMO-free. † Another problem that was left unresolved after this court case is the fact that when farmers save some seeds for crops in 2002, if that seed contained Roundup Ready genes, farmers can be sued for infringing on Monsanto patent. This leaves farmers with no say what’s so ever in the way the grow crops or what crops they grow; they are modern slaves to the big businesses (â€Å"Farmer Gets Ready to Plant†). As perquisites off any market solutions, a non-GMO group has focused on the consumer’s right to know. Additionally, most customers do not have a choice in the food system. With no access to healthy and fresh foods, many citizens in urban and rural areas cannot afford Vecchio 8 the cost of healthy foods. Even when stores exist with good organic food the products are priced far beyond what the average citizen can afford. This dilemma is one that will shrink, when more privileged Americans begin to shop organically. This will set off a change in supply and demand, if the people begin to demand organic foods or GMO labeling companies will be forced to supply. In local and national scales it’s going to be the people of American that stop feeding the giants they wish to vanquish. In conclusion there are many serious questions regarding the safety of GMO products and their impact on our planet. So far, the US government has not done its job in overseeing the testing of these products before they become available to consumers. I can see in many ways how the world’s ecosystems, farmers, and consumers are guinea pigs in a dangerous experiment that ensures profits for biotech companies and potential disaster for the future of our food system. Someone needs to stand up to the big GMO corporations, it might not be drastic but over time we as humans have the power to impact the demand put on GM foods. The less of a demand the less creation and distribution there will be. Whether it is because it’s unethical, unhealthy, or immoral it’s time to take action against GMO production. Hayley Vecchio 4-1-13 Mr. Oliverio En 110 Position Paper Genetically Modified Foods How to cite Genetically Modified Organism, Papers Genetically modified organism Free Essays Good afternoon Ladles and Gentlemen. Today, the topic for our debate is on whether â€Å"the benefits of transgenic species outweigh the ethical considerations. † We, the negative team, believe that this statement is false. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically modified organism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first affirmative speaker has tried to tell you that transgenic plant species are a revolutionary new way to produce crops with dramatically Increasing yields and as a result, this will Increase the farmlands’ productivity. However, this Is wrong. In fact, as evidence suggests, the introduction of transgenic crops are doing very little to increase overall crop yields. The second affirmative speaker spoke to you on how transgenic animals provides a shortcut to the development of animals that have many desired traits and its products can be benefits of mankind. Examples Include animals such as transgenic pigs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and cows that produce better milk. In our defense, animals do have their own rights. The creation of transgenic animals is morally wrong and the long-term effect on them and their consumers are questionable. Finally, the third and final speaker from the affirmative team made a point on how rearranges species will herald a new era of food production, Improving animal food quality and productivity. They may not be natural, but not everything natural Is good for us and not everything unnatural is bad for us. She argued that genetically modified foods have been on the market since 1996, we would know by now if they were an immediate health threat. However, this is wrong, Just because you don’t know of a problem, who is there to say that it doesn’t exist? Most transgenic products are still yet to be tested for safety and it may be most of these that are ending up In our grocery carts without us even knowing. From this, we can also see that more and more possible health risks associated with transgenic species are starting to show. First let us examine one of our case studies. The transgenic plant MOON 810 corn. This is a genetically modified crop developed by an American agricultural biotechnology corporation Monsanto. Bacillus Thirstiness, a bacterium which produces the BET toxin poisonous to insects, Is Inserted as a gene Into the DNA of MOON 81 0 corns. This plant has been purposely modified to combat crop loss due to Insects and Is now rowan on a large scale in USA. Despite it having been claimed that the insecticide will cause no harm to human consumers, However there is compelling evidence that shows the rates of chronic diseases have been increasing drastically since transgenic species products were introduced to public in USA. The chart on this slide show increase in Inflammation rate, such as chronic constipation, gastrointestinal reflux, In April 2009, the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of the German government suspended the approval and banned the cultivation of any ore MAMMON maize. It also got banned in other countries around the world including Austria, Greece and France. Since July 12th its cultivation has been banned in Italy, in reaction to a scientific report sent out by the Italian Agricultural Research Council. Another example of a transgenic species is cows being treated with a genetically engineered form of Bovine assimilation, also known as BIG. BIG is a peptide hormone produced by cows that is shown to have kept their metabolic processes regulated, increased their milk yield and beef growth. Yet, while this is all happening, his was also slowly killing the cow. In 1937, the administration of BIG was shown to be increasing the milk yield in lactating cows. Until the sass, there was a very limited use of the compound in agriculture and during this time also, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased. Later, the gene had been separated, purified and was now being applied to cow through genetic engineering. Since then, it has been immersed in controversy and parts of the concerns were in regards to the potential effects this has on the animals’ health. A 1991 report by Rural Vermont revealed that BIG cows were suffering from serious health problems, including an alarming rise in the number of deformed calves and in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder that causes inflammation. Milk taken from these cows also now contained higher levels of GIF-I (Insulin Growth Factor-I). Although we, humans, naturally have GIF-I, elevated levels of it have been linked to the diagnosis of colon and breast cancer. Although there has been no direct connection made as yet between the two, some scientists have expressed concern ever the possibility of this relationship. Our first speaker spoke to you about how transgenic developed plants contains genes that have been artificially introduced into the plant’s genetic makeup through several biotechnology techniques. It is highly questionable if Monsanto did, in fact, deliver the crops as they had claimed according to Doug Guarani-grandfather’s book â€Å"Failure to yield†. After more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialism’s in the United States, it can be concluded that transgenic species crops have done little o increase overall crop yields. A report by researchers from the University of Wisconsin also suggest to us that transgenic developed plants have still a â€Å"long way from generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs. Our first speaker also spoke that one of the major factors that led to an estimated 125,000 cotton farmers taking their own life was that of transgenic cotton failing to yield. Our second speaker spoke to you about the ethical issues of animal rights and any value they have to humans and a right to be free of human use, cruelty, confinement and use. She also stated that biotechnology could be bad for animals with them possibly suff ering from painful side effects. These include animals such as the broiler chicken, which are being bred to grow too fast for their legs to support their way, causing them discomfort. Since â€Å"The Origin of Species† by Charles Darwin was published in 1859, we are gradually starting to understand life better and better. His theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best-substantiated theories in the history of science, having been supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Since then, many scientists have contributed to the discovery and understanding of the structure of DNA. The development of powerful laboratory techniques, most of which came in after 1970, have enabled us to study and manipulate genes that have the potential to alter the path of evolution. While we celebrate our achievements on the advancement in scientific understanding and technology, we should ask our selves if we should manipulate the genes of species Just because it can be done. So Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion, we believe the ethical considerations outweigh the benefits of transgenic species especially in a commercial or massive scale to produce food. How to cite Genetically modified organism, Papers

Use of Soaps and Detergents-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You may choose any topic suitable for drawing connections to Solubility Equilibria and also suitable for explaining the chemistry behind it( to any audience). Answer: Name: Course: Professor: Date: Soaps and detergents Soaps and detergents are used to remove dirt. Dirt is oily in nature and this characteristic mean that it is insoluble in water. Most of dirts are considered to be oily (Raymond 55). The sodium or potassium salts which have long chain carboxylic acids in soaps help in removal of dirt. The soaps have a carboxylic acid end on one side which is bonded by a metal ion end. The two major parts of the soaps and detergents are the non-ionic hydrocarbon group and the ionic group of COO-Na+. The soap and detergents components help to decompose the oily parts therefore making them insoluble in water. The chains of chemical compositions in soaps and detergents are responsible to removal of the oily parts and making them soluble in water. Soaps are cleaning agents which have salts of fatty acids (Birdi 62). Detergents on the other hand are composed of mixed chemical compositions which aid the cleaning factor. The components of soaps and detergents are represented as; (a fatty acid end) : CH3-(CH2)n-COO-Na+ : (water soluble end) Therefore soaps and detergents have two main parts, which include the ionic end which is hydrophilic. This is water attracting end and is soluble in water. The other end is non-polar hydrocarbon chain which usually hydrophobic or water repelling end. This end is able to attract dirt and get attached to them (Parent 18). In their working, these molecules are able to bridge between water and dirt. They then break the dirt and form emulsions which consist of the dirt droplets which are suspended in water. In their action, soaps and detergents chemical molecules are able to reduce the surface tension of water and therefore reducing the interfacial tension between dirt and water. This makes the dirt soluble in water and therefore be removed by water. The ability of the soap parts to attract other molecules in this case that of dirt makes then brings the cleaning effect (Ali, Ali and James 29). In addition, being part of the surfactant category, the polar and non-polar ends are able to aid the attraction of the dirt parts and lifting the stains off the fabrics (Anderson and David 73). This allows the soaps and detergents to bring out the washing and rinsing effect. In addition, in their actions, when dirty fabric is placed on water which has soap, the hydrocarbon ends of the soaps molecules in the micelle attach to the dirt. The soap micelles are therefore able to entrap the dirt particles using the hydrocarbon end. The other end which contains the ionic end remains attached to water. Due to the action of the dirt particles on the surface of the fabric get dispersed in the water and this enhances the cleaning effect. Therefore the actions of the soaps and detergents are enhanced by the two ends, which include the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. In addition, during the action, the two ends create a force which is opposing and therefore loosening the dirt (Solway 51). Apply ing force on the fabric is able to agitate the freeing of the dirt. Introduction of ions in water makes water hard and this affected the action of soaps and detergents in water. Ions such as calcium ions Ca2+ iron ions Fe2+, manganese Mn2+ and magnesium Mg2+ among other may find their way into water and make it hard (William 25 and Pugh 35). Their presence affects the functionality and action of soaps and detergents. In many cases, the ions find their way when water flows through rocks and therefore extract them. The cleaning effect of water is affected and soaps and detergent have to combine with ions first before starting the cleaning effects of dirt. First, the chemical composition of the soaps and detergents combine with the ions to form scum. The soap film or scum is insoluble in water and it does not rinse away easily. Due to this action, the soap available for cleaning is reduced. In other word, it is clear that the soap will clear the ions first before it starts cleaning out the dirt. Therefore the presence of ions is able to affect the solub ility rate of the soaps and detergents (Satyanarayana 76). The main reasons are because the chemical components of the soaps and detergents have to act on the ions first by neutralizing them and then present their cleaning effects. In addition, introduction of ions in water increases the amount of soaps and detergents which has to be used to bring out the required effect. Since the detergents and soaps have a part which is water attracted, they can be considered to have a particular degree of solubility. The water loving end will get attracted to water molecules and therefore soaps and detergent combine with water. The presence of ions reduces the cleaning effects of soaps and detergent (Brown, Brent, Eric and Christopher 73). In particular, their solubility and compatibility with water molecules is affected by the presence of the ions. In particular, soaps are either salts of long chains fatty acids of sodium or potassium. When the soap is added to hard water which has the ions, the reaction of soaps and ions takes place first. The salt from the salt combines with the particular ions to form the respective precipitation ass a scum. Ca2+ + RCOONa = RCOOCa + 2Na+ Ion soap calcium salt (scum) The reaction with the ions forms an insoluble precipitate. It is clear that the solubility of the soap or detergent is affected by the presence of the ions (Urban 23). The high attraction between the soap or detergent molecules with the ions reduces the soap or detergent solubility rate. The solubility of soaps in water depends on the ionic part, which is soluble in water. The attraction of this part to ions is more than its attraction to the water molecules. Therefore the introduction of the ions in water will mean that the soap ionic part will first bond with the ion part and not the water molecule (Rudnick 107). Since the combination of the ions and ionic part of the soap forms a scum which is insoluble, the solubility of soap is highly reduced when the ions are present in water. On the other hand, detergents a basically similar to soaps but only differs little on the water soluble portion (Raymond 109). There are three types of detergent as shown below; Nevertheless, even with the difference on the ionic parts, their action in water is similar. Therefore the solubility of detergent as well will depend on the attraction of the ionic part to the ions and water molecules (Broze 19). In the same way as the soaps, the ionic part has a strong attraction to the ions than to the water molecules. Nevertheless, the attraction does not lead to the formation of the insoluble scum. In conclusion, it is clear that the chemical combination of the parts of the soaps and detergents help them to offer the cleaning effect. The two chemicals have two end molecules. The two ends include the hydrophilic which is water attracting end and hydrophobic end which is water repelling end. The hydrophobic end is able to get attached to the dirt while the hydrophilic end gets attached to the water molecules. This introduced an opposing force and helps to detach the dirt from fabrics with application of a force. The introduction of ions changes the attraction formula. The ions have high attraction to the ionic ends of the soaps and detergents and this leads to formation of scum. The solubility of detergents is highly affected by the presence of ions. This is because the ionic parts of the soaps must first get attached to the ions presence before they dissolve into water. Bibliography Ali, Mohammad F, Ali B. M. El, and James G. Speight. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry: Organic Chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. Internet resource. Anderson, John, and David Calder. Higher Chemistry. London: Hodder Education Group, 2016. Internet resource. Birdi, K Samul, Surface Chemistry Essentials. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2014. Print. Brown, William H, Brent L. Iverson, Eric V. Anslyn, and Christopher S. Foote. Organic Chemistry. , 2014. Print. Broze, Guy, (ed.). Handbook of Detergents, Part A: Properties. Surfactant Science Series. New York: M. Dekker, 2009. Parent, K., Building a Better Bleach: A Green Chemistry Challenge. ChemMatters, 22 (2), 2010. 1719. Pugh, Robert J. Bubble and Foam Chemistry. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 2016. Print. Raymond G. Bistline, Jr., "Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants," in Anionic surfactants: organic chemistry, Helmut Stache, (ed.) CRC Press, 2011 Rudnick, Leslie R. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, Third Edition. Portland: CRC Press, 2017. Print. Satyanarayana, Usha. Lipids. Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2014. Internet resource. Solway, Andrew. Chemistry. , 2014. Internet resource. Urban, David G. How to Formulate Compound Industrial Detergents. BookSurge Publishing, 2013. William Reusch, Application of Solubility: Soap, Virtual Textbook ofOrganicChemistry. Michigan State U. April 24, 2015, Print